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In this chapter, you will be learning the following concepts:

• C++17 background
• What is new in C++17?
• What features are deprecated or removed in C++17?
• Key features in C++17Â

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Mastering C Multithreading by WOW! EBook Published May 5, 2018 Updated May 5, 2018 eBook Details. Beginning C Programming book gets you started with the exciting world of C programming; It will enable you to write C code that uses the standard library, has a level of object orientation, and uses memory in a safe and effective way; It forms the basis of programming and covers concepts such as data structures and the core programming language. A specific programming language is not an unfair advantage. All example programs in this book are written in C, and the standard library’s data structures and algorithms are often used. The programs follow the C11 standard, which can be used in most contests nowadays. If you cannot program in C yet, now is a good time to start learning.

As you know, the C++ language is the brain child of Bjarne Stroustrup, who developed C++ in 1979. The C++ programming language is standardized by International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

1. Mastering C Programming: Modern C 17 at your fingertips - Kindle edition by Swaminathan, Jeganathan. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading Mastering C Programming: Modern C.
2. C Program Structure Let’s look into Hello World example using C Programming Language. B efore we study basic building blocks of the C programming language, let us look a bare minimum C program structure so that we can take it as a reference in upcoming chapters. C Hello World Example A C program basically consists of the following parts.

The initial standardization was published in 1998, commonly referred to as C++98, and the next standardization C++03 was published in 2003, which was primarily a bug fix release with just one language feature for value initialization. In August 2011, the C++11 standard was published with several additions to the core language, including several significant interesting changes to the Standard Template Library (STL); C++11 basically replaced the C++03 standard. C++14 was published in December, 2014 with some new features, and later, the C++17 standard was published on July 31, 2017. Â

At the time of writing this book, C++17 is the latest revision of the ISO/IEC standard for the C++ programming language.

This chapter requires a compiler that supports C++17 features: gcc version 7 or later. As gcc version 7 is the latest version at the time of writing this book, I'll be using gcc version 7.1.0 in this chapter.

Note

In case you haven't installed g++ 7 that supports C++17 features, you can install it with the following commands:sudo add-apt-repository ppa:jonathonf/gcc-7.1 sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install gcc-7 g++-7

The complete list of C++17 features can be found at http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/compiler_support#C.2B.2B17_features.

To give a high-level idea, the following are some of the new C++17 features:

• New auto rules for direct-list-initialization
• static_assert with no messages
• Nested namespace definition
• Inline variables
• Attributes for namespaces and enumerators
• C++ exceptions specifications are part of the type system
• Improved lambda capabilities that give performance benefits on servers
• NUMA architecture
• Using attribute namespaces
• Dynamic memory allocation for over-aligned data
• Template argument deduction for class templates
• Non-type template parameters with auto type
• Guaranteed copy elision
• New specifications for inheriting constructors
• Direct-list-initialization of enumerations
• Stricter expression evaluation order
• shared_mutexÂ
• String conversions

Otherwise, there are many new interesting features that were added to the core C++ language: STL, lambadas, and so on. The new features give a facelift to C++, and starting from C++17, as a C++ developer, you will feel that you are working in a modern programming language, such as Java or C#.

The following features are now removed in C++17:

• The register keyword was deprecated in C++11 and got removed in C++17
• The ++ operator for bool was deprecated in C++98 and got removed in C++17
• The dynamic exception specifications were deprecated in C++11 and and got removed in C++17

Let's explore the following C++17 key features one by one in the following sections:

• Easier nested namespace
• New rules for type detection from the braced initializer list
• Simplified static_assert
• std::invoke
• Structured binding
• The if and switch local-scoped variables
• Template type auto-detection for class templates
• Inline variables

Until the C++14 standard, the syntax supported for a nested namespace in C++ was as follows:

The preceding code can be compiled and the output can be viewed with the following commands:

The output of the preceding program is as follows:

Every namespace level starts and ends with curly brackets, which makes it difficult to use nested namespaces in large applications. C++17 nested namespace syntax is really cool; just take a look at the following code and you will readily agree with me:

The preceding code can be compiled and the output can be viewed with the following commands:

The output remains the same as the previous program:

C++17 introduced new rules for auto-detection of the initializer list, which complements C++14 rules. The C++17 rule insists that the program is ill-formed if an explicit or partial specialization of std::initializer_list is declared:

The preceding code can be compiled and the output can be viewed with the following commands:

The output of the preceding program is as follows:

The static_assert macro helps identify assert failures during compile time. This feature has been supported since C++11; however, the static_assert macro used to take a mandatory assertion failure message till, which is now made optional in C++17.

The following example demonstrates the use of static_assert with and without the message:

The output of the preceding program is as follows:

From the preceding output, you can see that the message, Assertion failed, appears as part of the compilation error, while in the second compilation the default compiler error message appears, as we didn't supply an assertion failure message. When there is no assertion failure, the assertion error message will not appear as demonstrated in static_assert ( x y ).  This feature is inspired by the C++ community from the BOOST C++ library.

The std::invoke() method can be used to call functions, function pointers, and member pointers with the same syntax:

The preceding code can be compiled and the output can be viewed with the following commands:

The output of the preceding program is as follows:

The std::invoke( )Â method is a template function that helps you seamlessly invoke callable objects, both built-in and user-defined.

You can now initialize multiple variables with a return value with a really cool syntax, as shown in the following code sample:

In the preceding program, the code highlighted in bold is the structured binding feature introduced in C++17. Interestingly, we have not declared the string name and int age variables. These are deduced automatically by the C++ compiler as string and int, which makes the C++ syntax just like any modern programming language, without losing its performance and system programming benefits.Â

The preceding code can be compiled and the output can be viewed with the following commands:

The output of the preceding program is as follows:

There is an interesting new feature that allows you to declare a local variable bound to the if and switch statements' block of code. The scope of the variable used in the if and switch statements will go out of scope outside the respective blocks. It can be better understood with an easy to understand example, as follows:

The preceding code can be compiled and the output can be viewed with the following commands:

Mastering C Pointers Tools For Programming Power Pdf

The output of the preceding program is as follows:

I'm sure you will love what you are about to see in the sample code. Â Though templates are quite useful, a lot of people don't like it due to its tough and weird syntax. But you don't have to worry anymore; take a look at the following code snippet:

The preceding code can be compiled and the output can be viewed with the following commands:

The output of the program is as follows:

Just like the inline function in C++, you could now use inline variable definitions. This comes in handy to initialize static variables, as shown in the following sample code:

The preceding code can be compiled and the output can be viewed with the following commands:

The output of the preceding code is as follows:

In this chapter, you got to know interesting new features introduced in C++17. You learned the super simple C++17 nested namespace syntax. You also learned datatype detection with a braced initializer list and the new rule imposed in the C++17 standard.

You also noticed that static_assert can be done without assert failure messages. Also, using std::invoke(), you can now invoke global functions, function pointers, member functions, and static class member functions. And, using structured binding, you could now initialize multiple variables with a return value.

You also learned that the if and switch statements can have a local-scoped variable right before the if condition and switch statements. You learned about auto type detection of class templates. Lastly, you used inline variables.

There are many more C++17 features, but this chapter attempts to cover the most useful features that might be required for most of the developers. Â In the next chapter, you will be learning about the Standard Template Library.

Free Computer Books PDF: Mastering C++ - K. R. Venugopal : Download PDF

As modestly described by the authors in the Preface to the First Edition, this 'is not an introductory programming manual; it assumes some familiarity with basic programming concepts like variables, assignment statements, loops, and functions. Nonetheless, a novice programmer should be able to read along and pick up the language, although access to a more knowledgeable colleague will help. Account Options Sign in. Top charts. New arrivals. The new edition of Mastering C has retained its best features — balance of theoretical explanation and excellent pedagogical features. The book lucidly explains the basic features and syntax of the C language.

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